睾丸素不足:历史的角度来看。

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Nieschlag E, Nieschlag年代

睾丸素不足:历史的角度来看。

亚洲J Androl。2014; 3 - 4月16 (2):161 - 8。1008 - 682 - x.122358 doi: 10.4103 /。

PubMed ID

24435052 (在PubMed

]

文摘

睾丸,睾丸激素的生物效应是自古以来。亚里士多德知道阉割的影响,他的假设在受精是科学遇到的第一个生殖生物学。几个世纪以来,阉割被表现为惩罚和生产听话的奴隶,而且保存的女高音的声音青春期前的男孩。中华帝国(和其他东方)法院采用阉割监督者在一夫多妻制,经常获得高层的政治立场。时代的睾丸移植和器官疗法是由约翰·亨特在伦敦在1786年将睾丸移植到阉鸡。他的实验的目的是为了证明“生命原则”作为现代移植医学的基础,但是猎人没有考虑内分泌方面。阿诺德·贝特阿道夫假定1849年从他的睾丸移植实验内分泌在哥廷根,因此被认为是内分泌学之父。他的观察后,睾丸制剂用于治疗,推广由得知真相后Charles-Edouard Brown-Sequard在巴黎(1889年),它可以在最好的安慰剂效应。在1920年代Sergio Voronoff移植睾丸从动物到人,但它们的有效性证明。今天正在精炼睾丸移植干细胞研究和生殖细胞移植。 Modern androgen therapy started in 1935 when Enrest Lacquer isolated testosterone from bull testes in Amsterdam. In the same year testosterone was chemically synthesized independently by Adolf Butenandt in Gottingen and Leopold Ruzicka in Basel. Since testosterone was ineffective orally it was either compressed into subcutaneous pellets or was used orally as 17alpha-methyl testosterone, now obsolete because of liver toxicity. The early phases of testosterone treatment coincide with the first description of the most prominent syndromes of hypogonadism by Klinefelter, by Kallmann, DelCastillo and Pasqualini. In the 1950s longer-acting injectable testosterone enanthate became the preferred therapeutic modality. In the 1950s and 1960s, research concentrated on the chemical modification of androgens in order to emphasize their anabolic effects. Although anabolic steroids have largely disappeared from clinical medicine, they continue to live an illegal life for doping in athletics. In the 1970s the orally effective testosterone undecanoate was added to the spectrum of preparations. Recent transdermal gels and long-acting injectable preparations provide options for physiological testosterone substitution therapy.

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药物

睾酮enanthate