NAV

Norethisterone

Identification

Summary

Norethisteroneis a synthetic second-generation progestin used for contraception, prevention of endometrial hyperplasia in hormone replacement therapy, and in the treatment of other hormone-mediated illnesses such as endometriosis.

Brand Names
Activella 1/0.5 28 Day, Activelle, Alyacen 1/35, Alyacen 7/7/7, Amabelz 0.5/0.1 28 Day, Aranelle 28, Aurovela, Aurovela Fe, Aygestin, Balziva 28 Day, Blisovi 21 Fe 1.5/30 28 Day Pack, Blisovi 21 Fe 1/20 28 Day Pack, Blisovi 24 Fe 1/20 28 Day, Brevicon, Briellyn 28 Day, Camila 28 Day, Charlotte 24 Fe Chewable 28 Day, Combipatch, Cyclafem 1/35 28 Day, Cyclafem 7/7/7 28 Day, Cyonanz 28 Day, Dasetta 1/35 28 Day, Dasetta 7/7/7 28 Day, Deblitane 28 Day, Emzahh 28 Day, Errin 28 Day, Estalis, Femcon Fe 28 Day, Femhrt 0.5/2.5 28 Day, Finzala 24 Fe Chewable 28 Day, Fyavolv, Gemmily 28 Day, Generess Fe 28, Hailey 1.5/30 21 Day, Hailey 24 Fe 28 Day, Hailey Fe 1.5/30 28 Day, Hailey Fe 1/20 28 Day, Heather 28 Day, Incassia, Jencycla 28 Day, Jinteli, Junel 1.5/30 21 Day, Junel 1/20 21 Day, Junel Fe 1.5/30 28 Day, Junel Fe 1/20 28 Day, Junel Fe 24 1/20 28 Day, Kaitlib Fe 28 Day, Larin 1.5/30, Larin 1/20, Larin 24 Fe 1/20, Larin Fe 1.5/30, Larin Fe 1/20, Layolis Fe 28, Leena 28 Day, Lo Loestrin Fe 28 Day, Loestrin 1.5/30 21 Day, Loestrin 24 Fe 28 Day, Loestrin Fe 1/20 28 Day, Lolo, Lomedia 24 Fe, Lopreeza 1/0.5 28 Day, Lupaneta Pack 1-month, Lyleq 28 Day, Lyza, Melodetta 24 Fe Chewable 28 Day, Merzee 28 Day, Mibelas 24 Fe Chewable 28 Day, Microgestin 1.5/30 21 Day, Microgestin 1/20 21 Day, Microgestin 24 Fe 28 Day, Microgestin Fe 1.5/30 28 Day, Microgestin Fe 1/20 28 Day, Mimvey, Minastrin 24 Fe Chewable 28 Day, Myfembree, Necon 0.5/35 28 Day, Necon 1/35 28 Day, Necon 7/7/7 28 Day, Nexesta Fe 28 Day, Nora-BE 28 Day, Norlutate, Norlyda 28 Day, Norlyroc 28 Day, Nortrel 1/35 21 Day, Nortrel 1/35 28 Day, Nortrel 7/7/7 28 Day, Nylia 1/35 28 Day, Nylia 7/7/7 28 Day, Oriahnn 28 Day Kit, Ortho Micronor, Ortho Micronor 28 Day, Ortho-novum 7/7/7 28 Day, Philith 28 Day, Pirmella 1/35 28 Day, Pirmella 7/7/7 28 Day, Rhuzdah 28 Day, Select, Sharobel 28 Day, Synphasic, Tarina 24 Fe 1/20 28 Day, Tarina Fe 1/20 28 Day, Taysofy 28 Day, Taytulla 28 Day, Tilia Fe, Tri-legest 28 Day, Tulana 28 Day, Vyfemla 28 Day, Wera 28 Day, Wymzya Fe 28 Day, Zenchent
Generic Name
Norethisterone
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00717
Background

Norethisterone, also known as norethindrone, is a synthetic progestational hormone belonging to the 19-nortestosterone-derived class of progestins.8It is further classified as a second-generation progestin, along withlevonorgestreland its derivatives, and is the active form of several other progestins includingnorethynodrelandlynestrenol.8Norethisterone mimics the actions of endogenousprogesterone, albeit with a greater potency,5and is used on its own or in combination with estrogen derivatives in a variety of applications including contraception and hormone replacement therapy.14,15,16,19First derived in 1951 in Mexico City, norethisterone was originally intended for use as a remedy for irregular menstruation and endometriosis, and was not marketed for use as an oral contraceptive until 1962.21

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
 3D
Similar Structures
Weight
Average: 298.4192
Monoisotopic: 298.193280076
Chemical Formula
C20H26O2
Synonyms
  • (17alpha)-17-ethynyl-17-hydroxyestra-4,8(14),9-trien-3-one
  • 17-hydroxy-19-nor-17-α-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one
  • 17-hydroxy-19-nor-17α-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one
  • 17-α-ethynyl-17-hydroxy-4-estren-3-one
  • 17-α-ethynyl-19-norandrost-4-en-17-β-ol-3-one
  • 17-α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone
  • 17-α-ethynyl-4-estren-17-ol-3-one
  • 17-β-hydroxy-19-norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one
  • 17α-ethinyl-19-nortestosterone
  • 17α-ethinylestra-4-en-17β-ol-3-one
  • 17α-ethynyl-17-hydroxy-4-estren-3-one
  • 17α-ethynyl-17β-hydroxy-19-norandrost-4-en-3-one
  • 17α-ethynyl-19-nor-4-androsten-17β-ol-3-one
  • 17α-ethynyl-19-norandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one
  • 17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone
  • 17α-ethynyl-4-estren-17-ol-3-one
  • 17β-hydroxy-19-norpregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one
  • 19-nor-17-α-ethynyl-17-β-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one
  • 19-nor-17-α-ethynylandrosten-17-β-ol-3-one
  • 19-nor-17-α-ethynyltestosterone
  • 19-Nor-17alpha-ethynyl-17beta-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one
  • 19-nor-17α-ethynyl-17β-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one
  • 19-nor-17α-ethynylandrosten-17β-ol-3-one
  • 19-nor-17α-ethynyltestosterone
  • 19-nor-ethindrone
  • 19-norethisterone
  • 4-estren-17α-ethynyl-17β-ol-3-one
  • Norethindrone
  • Norethisteron
  • Noréthistérone
  • Norethisterone
  • Norethisteronum
  • Noretisterona
External IDs
  • NSC-9564
  • SC-4640

Pharmacology

Indication

Norethisterone is indicated as an oral contraceptive when given as monotherapy14or in combination with an estrogen component, such asethinylestradiolorestradiol.18,19In combination with an estrogen component, oral norethisterone is also indicated as a hormone replacement therapy in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms arising from menopause.16当应用通过皮肤药贴、联合n of norethisterone and estradiol is indicated for the treatment of hypoestrogenism, vulvovaginal atrophy, and moderate-severe vasomotor symptoms.15

Norethisterone, taken in combination with intramuscularleuprolide, is also indicated for the symptomatic treatment of endometriosis-related pain.17

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Associated Conditions
Associated Therapies
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Norethisterone is a synthetic oral progestin used for contraception or to treat other hormone-related conditions such as menopausal symptoms and endometriosis. As a synthetic progestin, norethisterone acts similarly to endogenous progesterone but with a much higher potency - it acts at the pelvic level to alter cervical and endometrial function, as well as via the inhibition of pituitary hormones that play a role in follicular maturation and ovulation.14A small increase in the risk of developing breast cancer has been observed in patients using combined oral contraceptives, with some evidence also implicating progestin-only pills - patients starting hormonal contraception should be advised of this risk and should employ routine breast self-examinations to check for evidence of any developing masses.14

Mechanism of action

On a molecular level, progestins like norethisterone exert their effects on target cells via binding to progesterone receptors that result in downstream changes to target genes.16靶细胞在生殖系统,breast, pituitary, hypothalamus, skeletal tissue, and central nervous system.16Contraceptive efficacy is derived mainly from changes to the cervical mucus, wherein norethisterone increases the cell content and viscosity of the mucous to impede sperm transport and migration.14Norethisterone also induces a variety of changes to the endometrium - including atrophy, irregular secretion, and suppressed proliferation - that make it inhospitable for implantation.14,12Working via a negative feedback loop, norethisterone also acts on both the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to suppress the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. Suppression of these hormones prevents follicular development, ovulation, and corpus luteum development.12

When used as a component of hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women, norethisterone’s value is mainly in suppressing the growth of the endometrium.13As estrogen stimulates endometrial growth, the unopposed use of estrogen in postmenopausal women with an intact uterus can lead to endometrial hyperplasia which can increase the risk of endometrial cancer. The addition of a progestin to a hormone replacement therapy in this population protects against this endometrial hyperplasia and, therefore, lowers the risk associated with the use of hormone replacement therapies.

Norethisterone, along with other progestins and endogenous progesterone, has a low affinity for other steroid receptors, such as the androgen receptor and glucocorticoid receptor.8,5While affinity and agonistic activity at these receptors is minimal, it is thought that androgen receptor agonism is responsible for some of the adverse effects observed with progestin use (e.g. acne, serum lipid changes).8

Target Actions Organism
AProgesterone receptor
agonist
 Humans
UAndrogen receptor
agonist
 Humans
UGlucocorticoid receptor
agonist
 Humans
Absorption

The Cmaxof norethisterone following oral administration of a single dose ranges from 5.39 to 7.36 ng/mL with a Tmaxof 1-2 hours.14,16,19AUC0-24values following single oral doses range from approximately 30 to 37 ng*hr/mL.14,16,19The oral bioavailability of norethisterone is approximately 64%.19When applied transdermally, norethisterone is well-absorbed through the skin, reaches steady-state concentrations within 24 hours, and has a Cmaxranging from 617 to 1060 pg/mL at steady state.15

Norethisterone is often formulated as norethisterone acetate, which is completely and rapidly deacetylated to norethisterone following oral administration - the disposition of norethisterone acetate is indistinguishable from that of orally administered norethisterone.19

Volume of distribution

noreth分布的体积isterone is approximately 4 L/kg.4,19Sulfated metabolites of norethisterone, as well as small quantities of parent drug, have been shown to distribute into breast milk.11

Protein binding

Norethisterone is 38% bound to sex hormone-binding globulin and 61% bound to albumin.4,19

Metabolism

Norethisterone is extensively metabolized, primarily in the liver, to a number of metabolites via partial and total reduction of its A-ring.6The enzymes predominantly involved are 3α- and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) as well as 5α- and 5β-reductase.6,5The 5α-reduced metabolites, including 5α-dihydronorethisterone and its derivatives, appear to carry biological activity while the 5β-reduced metabolites appear inactive.5Norethisterone and its metabolites are also extensively conjugated - most of the plasmatic metabolites are sulfate conjugates, while most of the urinary metabolites are glucuronide conjugates.4,19The major metabolites in plasma are a disulfate conjugate of 3α,5α-tetrahydronorethisterone and a monosulfate conjugate of 3α,5β-tetrahydronorethisterone, while the major metabolite(s) in the urine are comprised of glucuronide and/or sulfate conjugates of 3α,5β-tetrahydronorethisterone.10

Norethisterone has also been observed to undergo some degree of metabolism via the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, predominantly by CYP3A4 and, to a much lesser extent, by CYP2C19, CYP1A2, and CYP2A6.7The metabolites generated by these reactions have not been fully characterized.

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Route of elimination

Following administration of radio-labeled norethisterone, slightly more than 50% of the administered dose was eliminated in the urine and 20-40% was eliminated in the feces.1

Half-life

The half-life of norethisterone has been variably estimated as 8-10 hours.4,3,8,14,18

Clearance

The plasma clearance of norethisterone has been estimated as 0.4 L/hr/kg,4,19and the intrinsic clearance is approximately 73-81 L/h.9

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

The oral LD50in mice 6 g/kg and the TDLo in human women is 42 mg/kg.20There have been no reports of serious ill effects following overdose of oral contraceptives, including following ingestion by children.19,18Symptoms of overdosage are likely to be consistent with the adverse effect profile of the contraceptive and may, therefore, include significant nausea and/or vomiting.

Pathways
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Interactions

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This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction
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Abametapir The serum concentration of Norethisterone can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
Abatacept The metabolism of Norethisterone can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
Abciximab The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Norethisterone is combined with Abciximab.
Abemaciclib The metabolism of Abemaciclib can be decreased when combined with Norethisterone.
Acalabrutinib The metabolism of Acalabrutinib can be decreased when combined with Norethisterone.
Acarbose The therapeutic efficacy of Acarbose can be decreased when used in combination with Norethisterone.
Acenocoumarol The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Norethisterone is combined with Acenocoumarol.
Acetaminophen The metabolism of Norethisterone can be increased when combined with Acetaminophen.
Acetazolamide The metabolism of Norethisterone can be increased when combined with Acetazolamide.
Acetohexamide The therapeutic efficacy of Acetohexamide can be decreased when used in combination with Norethisterone.
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Food Interactions
  • Take with or without food. Co-administration with food slightly alters pharmacokinetics, but not to a clinically significant extent.

Products

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Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key
Norethisterone acetate 9S44LIC7OJ 51-98-9 IMONTRJLAWHYGT-ZCPXKWAGSA-N
Product Images
International/Other Brands
Conludag/Micronovum/Mini-PE/Mini-pill/Norcolut/Noriday/Norluten/Norlutin/Primolut-N/Utovlan
Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image
Jencycla Tablet 0.35 mg Oral Lupin Pharma 2015-09-14 Not applicable Canada flag
Jolivette Tablet 0.35 mg/1 Oral Actavis Pharma, Inc. 2003-03-01 2020-12-31 US flag
Maeve Tablet 0.35 mg Oral Glenmark Pharmaceuticals, Inc 2022-12-16 Not applicable Canada flag
Micronor Tablet 0.35 mg/1 Oral Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2003-09-17 Not applicable US flag
Micronor Tablets 28-day Tablet 0.35 mg Oral Janssen Pharmaceuticals 1972-12-31 2020-07-09 Canada flag
Movisse Tablet 0.35 mg Oral Mylan Pharmaceuticals 2015-06-30 Not applicable Canada flag
Nor QD Tablet 0.35 mg/1 Oral Physicians Total Care, Inc. 1973-01-02 2010-06-30 US flag
Nor QD Tablet 0.35 mg/1 Oral Actavis Pharma, Inc. 1973-01-02 2018-04-30 US flag
Nora-BE Tablet 0.35 mg/1 Oral Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2006-04-12 2006-04-12 US flag
Norlutate Tablet 5 mg Oral Searchlight Pharma Inc 1961-12-31 Not applicable Canada flag
Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image
Affodel Tablet 0.35 mg/1 Oral Naari Pte. Limited 2022-12-31 Not applicable US flag
Aygestin Tablet 5 mg/1 Oral Teva Women's Health, Inc. 2003-06-12 Not applicable US flag
Camila Tablet 0.35 mg/1 Oral Mayne Pharma Inc. 2016-08-03 2020-04-30 US flag
Camila Tablet 0.35 mg/1 Oral Teva 2002-10-30 2018-02-28 US flag
Camila Tablet 0.35 mg/1 Oral Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2003-06-19 Not applicable US flag
Camila Tablet 0.35 mg/1 Oral Mayne Pharma 2018-06-15 Not applicable US flag
Deblitane Kit 0.35 mg/1 Oral NorthStar Rx LLC 2013-09-13 Not applicable US flag
Emzahh Tablet 0.35 mg/1 Oral Aurobindo Pharma Limited 2023-01-06 Not applicable US flag
Errin Tablet 0.35 mg/1 Oral Mayne Pharma Inc. 2018-04-18 Not applicable US flag
Errin Tablet 0.35 mg/1 Oral Proficient Rx LP 2018-04-18 Not applicable US flag
Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image
Activella Norethisterone acetate(0.5 mg/1)+Estradiol(1 mg/1) Tablet, film coated Oral Gemini Laboratories, LLC 2016-05-12 2020-07-31 US flag
Activella Norethisterone acetate(0.5 mg/1)+Estradiol(1 mg/1) Tablet, film coated Oral Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC 2019-05-01 Not applicable US flag
Activella Norethisterone acetate(0.1 mg/1)+Estradiol(0.5 mg/1) Tablet, film coated Oral Gemini Laboratories, LLC 2016-05-12 2019-08-31 US flag
Activella Norethisterone acetate(0.1 mg/1)+Estradiol(0.5 mg/1) Tablet, film coated Oral Novo Nordisk 2007-04-09 2017-04-30 US flag
Activella Norethisterone acetate(0.1 mg/1)+Estradiol(0.5 mg/1) Tablet, film coated Oral Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC 2019-05-01 Not applicable US flag
Activella Norethisterone acetate(0.5 mg/1)+Estradiol(1 mg/1) Tablet, film coated Oral Novo Nordisk 2003-07-22 2018-10-31 US flag
Activelle Norethisterone acetate(0.5 mg)+Estradiol(1.0 mg) Tablet Oral Novo Nordisk 2008-05-16 Not applicable Canada flag
Activelle 0,5 mg/0,1 mg Filmtabletten Norethisterone acetate(0.1 mg)+Estradiol(0.5 mg) Tablet, film coated Oral Novo Nordisk Pharma Gmb H 2008-10-30 Not applicable Austria flag
Activelle 1 mg/0,5 mg Filmtabletten Norethisterone acetate(0.5 mg)+Estradiol hemihydrate(1 mg) Tablet, film coated Oral Novo Nordisk Pharma Gmb H 1998-08-24 Not applicable Austria flag
ACTIVELLE 1 MG/0.5 MG FILM KAPLI TABLET, 28 ADET Norethisterone acetate(0.5 mg)+Estradiol(1 mg) Tablet, coated Oral NOVO NORDİSK SAĞLIK ÜRÜNLERİ TİC. LTD. ŞTİ. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey flag

Categories

ATC Codes
H01CC53 — Elagolix, estradiol and norethisterone H01CC54 — Relugolix, estradiol and norethisterone G03AA05 — Norethisterone and ethinylestradiol G03DC02 — Norethisterone G03AB04 — Norethisterone and ethinylestradiol G03AC01 — Norethisterone G03FA01 — Norethisterone and estrogen G03FB05 — Norethisterone and estrogen
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided byClassyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as estrogens and derivatives. These are steroids with a structure containing a 3-hydroxylated estrane.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Lipids and lipid-like molecules
Class
Steroids and steroid derivatives
Sub Class
Estrane steroids
Direct Parent
Estrogens and derivatives
Alternative Parents
3-oxo delta-4-steroids/17-hydroxysteroids/Delta-4-steroids/Cyclohexenones/Ynones/Tertiary alcohols/Cyclic alcohols and derivatives/Acetylides/Organic oxides/Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
17-hydroxysteroid/3-oxo-delta-4-steroid/3-oxosteroid/Acetylide/Alcohol/Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound/Carbonyl group/Cyclic alcohol/Cyclic ketone/Cyclohexenone
Molecular Framework
Aliphatic homopolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
terminal acetylenic compound, tertiary alcohol, 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid, 17beta-hydroxy steroid (CHEBI:7627)/Pregnane and derivatives [Fig], C21 steroids (gluco/mineralocorticoids, progestogens) and derivatives (C05028)/progestogi C21甾体(gluco /盐皮质激素ns) and derivatives (LMST02030097)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
T18F433X4S
CAS number
68-22-4
InChI Key
VIKNJXKGJWUCNN-XGXHKTLJSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C20H26O2/c1-3-20(22)11-9-18-17-6-4-13-12-14(21)5-7-15(13)16(17)8-10-19(18,20)2/h1,12,15-18,22H,4-11H2,2H3/t15-,16+,17+,18-,19-,20-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name
(1R,3aS,3bR,9aR,9bS,11aS)-1-ethynyl-1-hydroxy-11a-methyl-1H,2H,3H,3aH,3bH,4H,5H,7H,8H,9H,9aH,9bH,10H,11H,11aH-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-one
SMILES
[H][C@@]12CC[C@@](O)(C#C)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@]1([H])[C@@]3([H])CCC(=O)C=C3CC[C@@]21[H]

References

Synthesis Reference

Djerassi C, Miramontes L, Rosenkranz G, Sondheimer F: Steroids LIV. Synthesis of 19-nor-17α-ethynyltestosterone and 19-nor-17α-methyltestosterone. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006. 194(1):289.
一般引用
  1. Stanczyk FZ, Roy S: Metabolism of levonorgestrel, norethindrone, and structurally related contraceptive steroids. Contraception. 1990 Jul;42(1):67-96. [Article]
  2. Frohlich M, Albermann N, Sauer A, Walter-Sack I, Haefeli WE, Weiss J: In vitro and ex vivo evidence for modulation of P-glycoprotein activity by progestins. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Dec 15;68(12):2409-16. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.08.026. [Article]
  3. Stanczyk FZ, Mroszczak EJ, Ling T, Runkel R, Henzl M, Miyakawa I, Goebelsmann U: Plasma levels and pharmacokinetics of norethindrone and ethinylestradiol administered in solution and as tablets to women. Contraception. 1983 Sep;28(3):241-51. doi: 10.1016/0010-7824(83)90065-3. [Article]
  4. Barra F, Scala C, Ferrero S: Current understanding on pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and safety of progestins for treating pain associated to endometriosis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2018 Apr;14(4):399-415. doi: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1461840. Epub 2018 Apr 10. [Article]
  5. Schoonen WG, Deckers GH, de Gooijer ME, de Ries R, Kloosterboer HJ: Hormonal properties of norethisterone, 7alpha-methyl-norethisterone and their derivatives. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2000 Nov 15;74(4):213-22. doi: 10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00125-4. [Article]
  6. Walker CJ, Cowan DA, James VH, Lau JC, Kicman AT: Doping in sport: 3. Metabolic conversion of oral norethisterone to urinary 19-norandrosterone. Steroids. 2009 Mar;74(3):341-9. doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.11.008. Epub 2008 Nov 19. [Article]
  7. Korhonen T, Turpeinen M, Tolonen A, Laine K, Pelkonen O: Identification of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the in vitro biotransformation of lynestrenol and norethindrone. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2008 May;110(1-2):56-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.09.025. Epub 2008 Feb 15. [Article]
  8. Sitruk-Ware R: Pharmacological profile of progestins. Maturitas. 2004 Apr 15;47(4):277-83. [Article]
  9. Kuhnz W, Gieschen H: Predicting the oral bioavailability of 19-nortestosterone progestins in vivo from their metabolic stability in human liver microsomal preparations in vitro. Drug Metab Dispos. 1998 Nov;26(11):1120-7. [Article]
  10. Sahlberg BL, Landgren BM, Axelson M: Metabolic profiles of endogenous and ethynyl steroids in plasma and urine from women during administration of oral contraceptives. J Steroid Biochem. 1987 May;26(5):609-17. doi: 10.1016/0022-4731(87)90014-8. [Article]
  11. Sahlberg BL: The characterization of sulphated metabolites of norethindrone in human milk after oral administration of contraceptive steroids. J Steroid Biochem. 1987 Apr;26(4):481-5. doi: 10.1016/0022-4731(87)90060-4. [Article]
  12. Rivera R, Yacobson I, Grimes D: The mechanism of action of hormonal contraceptives and intrauterine contraceptive devices. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Nov;181(5 Pt 1):1263-9. [Article]
  13. Gompel A: Progesterone, progestins and the endometrium in perimenopause and in menopausal hormone therapy. Climacteric. 2018 Aug;21(4):321-325. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2018.1446932. Epub 2018 Mar 27. [Article]
  14. DPD Approved Drugs: Jencycla oral tablets [Link]
  15. FDA Approved Drug Products: CombiPatch® transdermal system [Link]
  16. FDA Approved Drug Products: Femhrt® tablets [Link]
  17. FDA Approved Drug Products: Lupaneta Pack for intramuscular and oral use [Link]
  18. FDA Approved Drug Products: Generess Fe chewable tablets [Link]
  19. FDA Approved Drug Products: Lo Loestrin Fe oral tablets [Link]
  20. CaymanChem: Norethisterone MSDS [Link]
  21. The Embryo Project Encyclopedia: Progestin [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014855
KEGG Drug
D00182
KEGG Compound
C05028
PubChem Compound
6230
PubChem Substance
46504816
ChemSpider
5994
BindingDB
50148732
RxNav
7514
ChEBI
7627
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1162
ZINC
ZINC000085205451
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP001212
PharmGKB
PA450651
PDBe Ligand
NDR
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
PDRhealth
PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia
Norethisterone
PDB Entries
1sqn/2w8y

Clinical Trials

Clinical TrialsLearn More" title="" id="clinical-trials-info" class="drug-info-popup" href="javascript:void(0);">
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count
4 Completed Basic Science Contraception/Fertility 1
4 Completed Prevention Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections 1
4 Completed Prevention Breastfeeding/Contraception 1
4 Completed Prevention Changes in menstrual flow 1
4 Completed Treatment Endometriosis/Interstitial Cystitis/月经痛苦(Dysmenorrhea)/Migraine/疼痛,慢性/Pelvic Pain/Visceral Pain 1
4 Completed Treatment Healthy Subjects (HS)/Menopause 1
4 Completed Treatment Hypertension/Hyperuricemia/Menopause 1
4 Completed Treatment Menopause 1
4 Completed Treatment 卵巢功能失败ure (POF) 1
4 Not Yet Recruiting Treatment Ovarian Cyst Simple 1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Parke davis div warner lambert co
  • Barr laboratories inc
  • Glenmark generics ltd
  • Ortho mcneil janssen pharmaceuticals inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • Duramed research inc
  • Glenmark generics ltd india
  • Warner Chilcott
Packagers
  • A-S Medication Solutions LLC
  • Barr Pharmaceuticals
  • Breckenridge Pharmaceuticals
  • Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
  • Dept Health Central Pharmacy
  • Dispensing Solutions
  • Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
  • Duramed
  • Glenmark Generics Ltd.
  • Innovative Manufacturing and Distribution Services Inc.
  • Kaiser Foundation Hospital
  • Lake Erie Medical and Surgical Supply
  • Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
  • Novartis AG
  • Noven Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Novo Nordisk Inc.
  • Ortho Mcneil Janssen Pharmaceutical Inc.
  • Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Patheon Inc.
  • Pfizer Inc.
  • Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
  • Pharmaceutics International Inc.
  • Pharmacia Inc.
  • Physician Partners Ltd.
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Qualitest
  • Quality Care
  • Redpharm Drug
  • Southwood Pharmaceuticals
  • Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
  • Warner Chilcott Co. Inc.
  • Watson Pharmaceuticals
  • WC Pharmaceuticals
Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength
Tablet, coated Oral
Tablet Oral 0.35 mg/1
Patch, extended release Transdermal
Kit; tablet, film coated Oral
Plaster Transdermal
Patch Transdermal
Tablet, film coated Oral
Tablet Oral
Tablet, chewable Oral
Kit; tablet, chewable Oral
Kit; tablet; tablet, chewable Oral
Kit Oral
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension; kit; tablet Intramuscular; Oral; Topical
Tablet Oral
Tablet Oral 0.35 mg
Tablet Oral 5 mg/1
Tablet Oral 350 mcg
Kit Oral 0.35 mg/1
Kit; tablet, film coated Oral 0.35 mg/1
Tablet, film coated Oral 0.35 mg/1
Capsule; kit Oral
Tablet Oral 10 MG
Capsule, liquid filled; kit Oral
Kit; tablet Oral
Tablet Oral 5 mg
Tablet
Tablet, film coated
Oil 200 mg/1ml
Tablet, sugar coated Oral
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Ovcon-35 (28) 28 0.4-35 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack 89.09USD disp
Ovcon-50 28 50-1 mcg-mg tablet Disp Pack 89.09USD disp
Loestrin 1.5/30 (21) 21 1.5-30 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack 79.32USD disp
Loestrin 1/20 (21) 21 1-20 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack 79.32USD disp
Loestrin Fe 1/20 28 1-20 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack 79.32USD disp
Loestrin Fe 1.5/30 28 1.5-30 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack 77.1USD disp
Loestrin 24 Fe 28 1-20 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack 75.15USD disp
Nor-QD 28 0.35 mg tablet Disp Pack 65.87USD disp
Tri-Norinyl (28) 28 0.5/1/0.5-35 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack 62.63USD disp
Ortho-Novum 10/11 (28) 28 35 mcg tablet Disp Pack 60.25USD disp
Modicon (28) 28 0.5-35 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack 59.99USD disp
Norinyl 1+35 (28) 28 1-35 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack 55.99USD disp
Ortho-Novum 1/35 (28) 28 1-35 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack 55.99USD disp
Brevicon (28) 28 0.5-35 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack 53.0USD disp
Norinyl 1+50 (28) 28 1-50 mg-mcg tablet 1 Disp Pack = 28 Pills 52.99USD disp
Necon 10/11 (28) 28 35 mcg tablet Disp Pack 35.99USD disp
Ortho-Novum 7/7/7 (28) 28 0.5/0.75/1-35 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack 33.99USD disp
Necon 0.5/35 (28) 28 0.5-35 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack 32.99USD disp
Necon 1/35 (28) 28 1-35 mg-mcg tablet Disp Pack 31.99USD disp
Loestrin fe 1-20 tablet 5.23USD tablet
Loestrin 21 1.5-30 tablet 3.66USD tablet
Loestrin 21 1-20 tablet 3.66USD tablet
Aygestin 5 mg tablet 3.27USD tablet
Ovcon-35 28 tablet 3.06USD tablet
Loestrin fe 1.5-30 tablet 2.75USD tablet
Norethindrone Acetate 5 mg tablet 2.75USD tablet
Norethindrone 5 mg tablet 2.65USD tablet
Ovcon-50 28 tablet 2.62USD tablet
Micronor tablet 2.44USD tablet
Nor-q-d tablet 2.24USD tablet
Necon 1-35-28 tablet 2.11USD tablet
Modicon 28 tablet 2.07USD tablet
Tri-norinyl 28 tablet 2.01USD tablet
Ortho-novum 1-35-28 tablet 1.9USD tablet
Brevicon 28 tablet 1.8USD tablet
Norinyl 1+35-28 tablet 1.73USD tablet
Norinyl 1+50-28 tablet 1.73USD tablet
Demulen 1-50-21 tablet 1.67USD tablet
Ortho-novum 7-7-7-21平板电脑 1.4USD tablet
Errin 0.35 mg tablet 1.34USD tablet
Ortho-novum 7/7/7-28 tablet 1.33USD tablet
Camila tablet 1.32USD tablet
Jolivette tablet 1.32USD tablet
Nora-be tablet 1.32USD tablet
Norethindrone 0.35 mg tablet 1.32USD tablet
Demulen 1-50-28 tablet 1.29USD tablet
Ortho micronor tablet 1.23USD tablet
Necon 0.5-35-28 tablet 1.15USD tablet
Necon 7-7-7-28 tablet 1.15USD tablet
Necon 1-50-28 tablet 1.05USD tablet
Ortho-novum 7-7-7-28 tablet 1.02USD tablet
Micronor (28 Day) 0.35 mg Tablet 0.66USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region
US6036976 No 2000-03-14 2016-12-13 US flag
US6667050 No 2003-12-23 2019-04-06 US flag
US7704984 No 2010-04-27 2029-02-02 US flag
US6652880 No 2003-11-25 2020-03-29 US flag
US7419983 No 2008-09-02 2024-07-06 US flag
US7462625 No 2008-12-09 2021-01-25 US flag
US7179815 No 2007-02-20 2021-03-07 US flag
US7056927 No 2006-06-06 2024-09-10 US flag
US6872728 No 2005-03-29 2021-01-25 US flag
US10881659 No 2021-01-05 2034-03-14 US flag
US8058280 No 2011-11-15 2024-01-28 US flag
US7300935 No 2007-11-27 2024-01-28 US flag
US9346822 No 2016-05-24 2024-02-17 US flag
US11033551 No 2021-06-15 2037-09-29 US flag
US11045470 No 2021-06-29 2034-03-14 US flag
US11459305 No 2008-11-07 2028-11-07 US flag
US11542239 No 2019-07-23 2039-07-23 US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point (°C) 202-208C Canadian Jencycla label
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
Water Solubility 0.00668 mg/mL ALOGPS
logP 2.72 ALOGPS
logP 3.22 Chemaxon
logS -4.6 ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic) 17.59 Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic) -1.7 Chemaxon
Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count 2 Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count 1 Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area 37.3 Å2 Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count 0 Chemaxon
Refractivity 87.42 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon
Polarizability 34.59 Å3 Chemaxon
Number of Rings 4 Chemaxon
Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon
Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon
Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon
Veber's Rule Yes Chemaxon
MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability
Human Intestinal Absorption + 1.0
Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9413
Caco-2 permeable + 0.8572
P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.6346
P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Inhibitor 0.5079
P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9087
Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.7603
CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7759
CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.9237
CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.7415
CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.844
CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8688
CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9386
CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.8994
CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8333
CYP450抑制滥交 Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.7876
Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9319
Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9417
Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9512
Rat acute toxicity 1.8788 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.8777
hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.7744
ADMET data is predicted usingadmetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Download (11.3 KB)
Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS Predicted GC-MS Not Available
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization) MS splash10-01rt-4950000000-fcbe8bf03b1aa103152b
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positive LC-MS/MS Not Available
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positive LC-MS/MS Not Available
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive LC-MS/MS splash10-0a4i-1910000000-f3f4bbf8cfe62ee9f76d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive LC-MS/MS splash10-0a5c-3900000000-4b2a5d95e4b6d50f16fc
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive LC-MS/MS splash10-00ea-0790000000-60d1a1a37c0ba98d6a4a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive LC-MS/MS splash10-00e9-0890000000-5d3b8210450a1c43b119
MS/MS Spectrum - , positive LC-MS/MS splash10-0002-0391000000-ae51cc90bb8f2161f149
MS/MS Spectrum - , positive LC-MS/MS splash10-0ar0-3920000000-e31fa7c9e871f2e39846
1H NMR Spectrum 1D NMR Not Applicable

Targets

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Details 1.Progesterone receptor
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Progesterone receptor ...
Gene Name
PGR
Uniprot ID
P06401
Uniprot Name
Progesterone receptor
分子量
98979.96 Da
References
  1. Garcia-Becerra R, Cooney AJ, Borja-Cacho E, Lemus AE, Perez-Palacios G, Larrea F: Comparative evaluation of androgen and progesterone receptor transcription selectivity indices of 19-nortestosterone-derived progestins. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004 Jun;91(1-2):21-7. [Article]
  2. Sitruk-Ware R: Pharmacological profile of progestins. Maturitas. 2004 Apr 15;47(4):277-83. [Article]
Details 2.Androgen receptor
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Steroid hormone receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Transcription ...
Gene Name
AR
Uniprot ID
P10275
Uniprot Name
Androgen receptor
分子量
98987.9 Da
References
  1. Sitruk-Ware R: Pharmacological profile of progestins. Maturitas. 2004 Apr 15;47(4):277-83. [Article]
Details 3.Glucocorticoid receptor
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Receptor for glucocorticoids (GC). Has a dual mode of action: as a transcription factor that binds to glucocorticoid response elements (GRE), both for nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, and as a modula...
Gene Name
NR3C1
Uniprot ID
P04150
Uniprot Name
Glucocorticoid receptor
分子量
85658.57 Da
References
  1. Sitruk-Ware R: Pharmacological profile of progestins. Maturitas. 2004 Apr 15;47(4):277-83. [Article]

Enzymes

Details 1.Cytochrome P450 3A4
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
分子量
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Korhonen T, Turpeinen M, Tolonen A, Laine K, Pelkonen O: Identification of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the in vitro biotransformation of lynestrenol and norethindrone. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2008 May;110(1-2):56-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.09.025. Epub 2008 Feb 15. [Article]
Details 2.Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Retinal dehydrogenase activity
Specific Function
androge催化转化的有效n dihydrotestosterone (DHT) into the less active form, 5-alpha-androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol (3-alpha-diol). Also has some 20-alpha-hydroxysteroid...
Gene Name
AKR1C4
Uniprot ID
P17516
Uniprot Name
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4
分子量
37066.52 Da
References
  1. Schoonen WG, Deckers GH, de Gooijer ME, de Ries R, Kloosterboer HJ: Hormonal properties of norethisterone, 7alpha-methyl-norethisterone and their derivatives. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2000 Nov 15;74(4):213-22. doi: 10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00125-4. [Article]
Details 3.3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5-->4-isomerase type 2
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid delta-isomerase activity
Specific Function
3-beta-HSD is a bifunctional enzyme, that catalyzes the oxidative conversion of Delta(5)-ene-3-beta-hydroxy steroid, and the oxidative conversion of ketosteroids. The 3-beta-HSD enzymatic system pl...
Gene Name
HSD3B2
Uniprot ID
P26439
Uniprot Name
3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5-->4-isomerase type 2
分子量
42051.845 Da
References
  1. Schoonen WG, Deckers GH, de Gooijer ME, de Ries R, Kloosterboer HJ: Hormonal properties of norethisterone, 7alpha-methyl-norethisterone and their derivatives. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2000 Nov 15;74(4):213-22. doi: 10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00125-4. [Article]
Details 4.3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (Protein Group)
Kind
Protein group
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Electron carrier activity
Specific Function
Converts testosterone into 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone and progesterone or corticosterone into their corresponding 5-alpha-3-oxosteroids. It plays a central role in sexual differentiation and andro...
Components:
Name UniProt ID
3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 1 P18405
3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 2 P31213
Polyprenol reductase Q9H8P0
References
  1. Schoonen WG, Deckers GH, de Gooijer ME, de Ries R, Kloosterboer HJ: Hormonal properties of norethisterone, 7alpha-methyl-norethisterone and their derivatives. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2000 Nov 15;74(4):213-22. doi: 10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00125-4. [Article]
Details 5.3-oxo-5-beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid binding
Specific Function
Efficiently catalyzes the reduction of progesterone, androstenedione, 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone to 5-beta-reduced metabolites. The bile acid intermediates 7-alpha,12-alpha-dihyd...
Gene Name
AKR1D1
Uniprot ID
P51857
Uniprot Name
3-oxo-5-beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase
分子量
37376.615 Da
References
  1. Schoonen WG, Deckers GH, de Gooijer ME, de Ries R, Kloosterboer HJ: Hormonal properties of norethisterone, 7alpha-methyl-norethisterone and their derivatives. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2000 Nov 15;74(4):213-22. doi: 10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00125-4. [Article]
Details 6.Cytochrome P450 2C19
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inducer
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and im...
Gene Name
CYP2C19
Uniprot ID
P33261
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C19
分子量
55930.545 Da
References
  1. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
Details 7.Cytochrome P450 1A2
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP1A2
Uniprot ID
P05177
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 1A2
分子量
58293.76 Da
References
  1. Korhonen T, Turpeinen M, Tolonen A, Laine K, Pelkonen O: Identification of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the in vitro biotransformation of lynestrenol and norethindrone. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2008 May;110(1-2):56-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.09.025. Epub 2008 Feb 15. [Article]
Details 8.Cytochrome P450 2A6
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Exhibits a high coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Can act in the hydroxylation of the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide. Competent in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1. Const...
Gene Name
CYP2A6
Uniprot ID
P11509
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2A6
分子量
56501.005 Da
References
  1. Korhonen T, Turpeinen M, Tolonen A, Laine K, Pelkonen O: Identification of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the in vitro biotransformation of lynestrenol and norethindrone. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2008 May;110(1-2):56-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.09.025. Epub 2008 Feb 15. [Article]

Carriers

Details 1.Serum albumin
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Toxic substance binding
Specific Function
Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
Gene Name
ALB
Uniprot ID
P02768
Uniprot Name
Serum albumin
分子量
69365.94 Da
References
  1. FDA Approved Drug Products: Lo Loestrin Fe oral tablets [Link]
Details 2.Sex hormone-binding globulin
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Androgen binding
Specific Function
Functions as an androgen transport protein, but may also be involved in receptor mediated processes. Each dimer binds one molecule of steroid. Specific for 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone...
Gene Name
SHBG
Uniprot ID
P04278
Uniprot Name
Sex hormone-binding globulin
分子量
43778.755 Da
References
  1. Sitruk-Ware R: Pharmacological profile of progestins. Maturitas. 2004 Apr 15;47(4):277-83. [Article]
  2. FDA Approved Drug Products: Lo Loestrin Fe oral tablets [Link]

Transporters

Details 1.P-glycoprotein 1
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
Specific Function
依赖资源负责decre射流泵ased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
Gene Name
ABCB1
Uniprot ID
P08183
Uniprot Name
Multidrug resistance protein 1
分子量
141477.255 Da
References
  1. Frohlich M, Albermann N, Sauer A, Walter-Sack I, Haefeli WE, Weiss J: In vitro and ex vivo evidence for modulation of P-glycoprotein activity by progestins. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Dec 15;68(12):2409-16. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.08.026. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at April 15, 2023 12:42